Background: Collecting data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an essential approach for defining the scope of the AMR problem, developing evidence-based interventions and detecting new and emerging resistances. Our study aimed to identify key factors influencing the implementation of a laboratory-based AMR surveillance system in Cambodia. This will add additional insights to the development of a sustainable and effective national AMR surveillance system in Cambodia and other low- and middle-income countries.

Methods: Key informants with a role in governing or contributing data to the laboratory-based surveillance system were interviewed. Emerging themes were identified using the framework analysis method. Laboratories contributing to the AMR surveillance system were assessed on their capacity to conduct quality testing and report data. The laboratory assessment tool (LAT), developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), was adapted for assessment of a diagnostic microbiology laboratory covering quality management, financial and human resources, data management, microbiology testing performance and surveillance capacity.